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Information Technology Directions in Libraries: White Paper |
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| Edited by Art Pasquinelli, August
1997 1. Libraries and Information Technology 2. Java Computing in Libraries
Libraries and Information Technology (IT)Libraries and campus computing services currently support many generations of hardware, operating systems, and software applications. Many of these installations are now obsolete, primarily due to newer solutions and technology advancements that have allowed improved access for the information user. Campus libraries, multimedia labs, and distance learning have created information and distribution demands that can only be answered through intranet and Internet resources. Communications technologies now offer the essentials for distributed library information services. As a prerequisite for managing new, evolving technologies, library administrators and Information Technology (IT) professionals are working more closely together to plan and implement information networks. This coordinated effort is melding application software, hardware, and communication infrastructure strategies to provide transparent interconnections for all library end users. The introduction of campus-wide information delivery services through flexible, scalable client-server computing models using relational database structures and networking via Java-enabled webtops is offering significant benefits to libraries. Sun's Java vision of `` write once, run anywhere'' has established developer benefits that are now translating into lower application costs and faster application deployment for libraries. "Java Computing" and Java-enabled webtops now offer a cost-effective transition from legacy library installations to 21st Century computing. The digital revolution, employing network-based technologies, places access to remote resources into the hands of students, scholars, and corporate users. The library of the 1990's can now exploit the use of new digital text, imaging, video, audio, automatic indexing, and knowledge-based search and retrieval products and innovations. Libraries are playing a central development role as technologies, methodologies, and economic structures evolve for integrated learning courseware, electronic publishing, distance learning, and computer-based training. Digital libraries, employing a multitude of new technologies, are bringing about a revolutionary improvement in the way libraries and educational institutions deliver information. Traditional publishing and distribution methods are giving way to the electronic world of information creation, packaging, and use. Successful implementationof digital libraries therefore requires a broad understanding of both real world economics and law in addition to the management of leading edge digital technologies. As these digital library projects mature and share their knowledge, the future promises that more people will be able to access more types of information at a lower average cost of information than ever before. Industry Changes and Evolution During the early 1970's libraries began to acquire software applications for administrative and clerical functions. These applications were largely developed by the university or research institution with some cooperation from software and hardware firms. The next phase of library automation entailed the combination of several library activities into one integrated system. For example, both Circulation and On-line Public Access Catalog (OPAC) functions were initially sold as standalone library software applications. This produced the turnkey systems that have dominated library management and service functions until now. These integrated software applications were introduced to the marketplace using minicomputers capable of processing Machine Readable Cataloging (MARC), a complex national standard record format on flat files. During the 1980's many library turnkey vendors began to offer host-terminal applications and the era of one-way networking over communications networks was launched. The hardware, operating system, and application software were proprietary and permitted little customization or sharing between academic institutions and their users. The transition from large scale integrated technologies (LSI) to micro-technologies was well underway by the mid-80's. This trend required re-education of the library and systems IT staff. The costs to libraries for this technology transition was significant. The library application providers changed, the technologies became more powerful, and the software applications and networking configurations were no longer done in-house. As the 1980's ended, libraries and computing centers were tackling communications, relational database, and information distribution problems. The largest issue was to prepare the campus with communication technologies that wired libraries, classrooms, and dormitories. The wiring of universities for networking was a prerequisite for accessing local intranet and external Internet database resources. Intranets provided campus connectivity using TCP/IP communication standards. This permitted interconnectivity of computing resources; servers, PC desktops, and terminals. The 1990's have clearly advanced the use of campus communication infrastructures and commercial communication systems to create and store information and then to deliver it from libraries to end users. Library administration has shifted its role due to political changes within the academic community, e.g. the Director of Libraries usually reports to the Provost, or Academic Dean for Instruction. This organizational change positions the library administration on the third level of the institution's hierarchy, whereas ten years ago, the Director of Libraries generally reported directly to the University President. The university library is increasingly seen as an integrated part of the campus' technology and curriculum delivery infrastructure. This new positioning has the library often ``competing'' for the same budget dollars as academic instructional units and the campus IT department. Cooperative efforts between the library, administrative, and academic organizations are needed to render consensus decisions on technology directions and permit planned incremental purchases. Today library collections are largely printed materials with direct access provided to information databases for student and faculty research. The print collection within most university libraries has merely an electronic record for author, title, publisher. The contents of printed material are not available for electronic access or manipulation. But large databases from periodicals, magazines, and journal publishers are increasingly becoming available in digital format. Additionally, subscriptions for publisher databases are now offered utilizing many media formats including both CD-ROM and fee based on-line services. A unique example of electronic publishing is Stanford University's HighWire Press. HighWire Press now publishes over 60 scientific and technical journals electronically using Java and web technology (http://www.highwire.org). Library collections are used by people on campus as well as by individuals that are remote to the library's physical facilities. Thus, individuals associated with a given institution and those accessing resources from afar and not associated with the institution need new electronic interface tools. Professional librarians are becoming computer literate and knowledgeable of Internet technologies in order to assist and fully participate with the planning, design, and implementation of global information networks. An example of this trend is the University of California's decision to provide the MELVYL database via a custom web browser running on a Sun web server. This custom, intuitive graphical user interface (GUI) replaced the old terminal-based command line access scheme and offered more capabilities and much more ease-of-use to UC's 168,000 students and faculty (http://www.melvyl.ucop.edu). The current transition of library services from local traditional collections to global resources that are provided on demand via the most recent networking technologies has just begun. Real accomplishments are occurring in digitization, classification, storage, and access of materials. IT solutions for the library now require ongoing, incremental installations of leading Internet and intranet technologies. Current Issues Facing Libraries As discussed above, the worldwide library community has gone through - and is going through - a comprehensive transition due to both the demands of technological change and the opportunities available through technology. Public, corporate, and academic librarians are facing challenges in the areas of library automation, information delivery, rights management, and content searching that never occurred to their predecessors even a decade ago. Libraries that make their collections available over the Internet must now deal with a global, virtual user base in addition to the patrons that physically frequent their facilities. Digital technology has become a key element in the way libraries address a number of educatonal, social, and economic trends. Going into the next millenium, the library community is trying to address the following issues: 1. Increasing IT Budget Demands 2. Distribution and Access to Digital Information 3. User Requirements and Expectations 4. The Librarian's Changing Role 5. New Technologies for Managing Digital Content Library Technology and Economics Many factors influence the process and dynamics of selecting information solutions for libraries. Though generalizations, the following issues indicate some of the political and financial parameters of technology planning and selection in large institutions: 1. Technology decisions are not always the sole discretion of library management. Technology decisions are derived from "automation committee'' evaluations and proposals to senior institution management. 2. Decisions for technology purchases are often influenced by external industry and government standards. Large library automation projects, especially those with digitizing requirements, are often funded by national government grants or endowments with matching state and local budgets 3. Technology is purchased from capital allocations that often represent several administrative units within the institution. 4. Libraries and campus computing centers must work collectively in order to provide for campus-wide information needs. 5. Funds for library automation, multimedia labs, and campus computing needs are usually not fully coordinated. 6. Administration and operations of library information systems are shared across library and computing center management. The issues involving technology procurement encourage IT and library managers to develop organizational infrastructures for consensus planning and procurement. Infrastructure planning for technology deployment further requires cost benefit evaluations of hardware, software, and mission-critical applications. The basic economics of building an information backbone that increases user benefits and reduces the impact of changing technologies rests with a sound understanding of the major trends affecting service and resource delivery. The opportunity to design Java-enabled webtop applications and implement scalable network technologies rather than purchasing standalone local PC integrated library systems becomes evident as the networking requirements for global resource sharing are considered as part of the library's technology infrastructure. Libraries that provide for migration to Java-enabled network stations increase both the economic and service benefits of their IT investments. The longterm, real cost of buying desktop PCs versus Sun Javastations comes into focus through market research on total cost-of-ownership trends. For example, independent studies estimate the total annual cost of a networked corporate PC at $7,000 - $8,000 per seat versus $2500 per seat for a Javastation. PC Cost of Ownership Chart The total cost-of-ownership per networked PC containing eight applications in a large business environment, by Windows operating system:
Source: Gartner Group RAS Services The economics of library turnkey systems can be viewed as 45% for hardware, 45% for application software and 10% for services, such as data conversion. Therefore, hardware would cost $45,000 based on a $100,000 turnkey proposal. Maintenance costs range between 12% - 18% each for hardware and software. Network computers (NCs) and devices would reduce the cost of both the hardware and application software per seat. Also, the overall maintenance dollars for application software would be reduced based on the Java network devices requiring less ongoing administration. The cost of desktop hardware and software is approximately 20% of the total automation cost of a library. It is estimated that a minimum of 22% savings would occur within the $100,000 proposal with Javastations and/or Java-enabled network devices. This percentage grows significantly with the library's need for greater network access to internal and external database sources. Libraries are acquiring more network devices per average system installation. During the last three years, average installations per automation sale have gone from 25 to 60 seats for smaller libraries and 300 to 500 seats for the larger institutions. Javastation implementation means increased savings for all installations. IT managers can redirect desktop savings toward infrastructure investments such as web servers, wiring, staff training, and application development and deployment. Specific areas where a Java implementation can help enhance library IT activities thereby reducing overall costs include: 1) Platform Independence - Reduced Cost of Supporting Multiple Operating Systems 2) Easier Interoperability with Legacy Systems 3) Decreased Client Administration Costs 4) Lower Overall Desktop Cost-of-Ownership 5) Improved Security and Centralized System Administration 6) Improved Access to Global Networking Technologies and Resources 7) Streamlined Deployment of IT Technology Across the Campus Infrastucture Sun server and Java technologies provide an integral element for the successful development of digital, virtual libraries. The Information Technology Director, as well as library and university management, has a plethora of Sun and software vendor solutions available to satisfy growing library automation requirements. Sun and its strategic partners are delivering technologies that solve information management problems with less cost exposure, shortened development cycles, and more efficient applications deployment. Sun's role and image within the library and campus computing centers is based on successful delivery of open systems hardware, software, and services. Sun has pioneered the open systems architecture and has created industry standards for information networking. As of today, over 35% of all Internet servers and 80% of all Internet applications have been developed on Sun computers. Sun continues to support and nurture the Library community with new technologies. Approximately 600 major library customers have installed Sun equipment worldwide. Java Computing solution partners are building software products using Sun's full portfolio of server and desktop technologies. The leading database content providers are developing in Java and according to Library Journal (April 1 , 1997) a dozen of the leading library automation vendors are now working with Java technology. Sun can boast an impressive worldwide list of institutions employing Sun systems and software. With the help of its library solution partners, Sun has taken a leading position in supplying network computing products to all segments of the library community; law, medical, academic, government, corporate, public, etc. Sample List of Sun Library Customers
Sun's Advantages for Library Customers Sun offers library customers a unique set of solutions and services based upon both open computing standards and leading edge technologies. For instance, Sun: 1. Assists migration from mainframe to client-server technologies. 2. Develops and shares open systems standards within the industry. 3. Created and supports Java (www.javasoft.com) and network solution tools. 4. Has established strategic partnerships with value added vendors that develop application solutions for libraries and campus information delivery. 5. Provides SunSpectrum - Sun's support services for hardware, software, networks, and network interoperability products, including Java. 6. Offers educational services worldwide through groups such as SunService's Enterprise Education Consulting organization (http://www.sun.com/sunservice/suned/eecs.html) Sun Server Technology Sun Server technology leads the computer industry in benchmark performance, reliability, scalability, breadth, and technical sophistication. Sun's server product line is designed to meet the needs of all types of library customers. Sun is now the leading performance platform for all the major UNIX databases; Oracle, Sybase, and Informix (http://www.sun.com/servers/index.html). Ultra Enterprise Servers Ultra HPC Servers Netra Servers Sun MediaCenter Servers Third Party Solutions on Sun Sun is committed to working with as broad a range of third party solution vendors as possible. Sun's goal is to offer a complete and comprehensive set of library solutions to customers. This includes library automation applications, search engines, content and digital media management products, and Internet technologies. Sun has relationships with all of the leading international solution providers serving libraries. Sun works with the library community through a number of different partners and its own direct salesforce. Partners include integrated library system firms such as Endeavor, Geac Computers, etc. and database content providers such as SilverPlatter and OCLC. Most of Sun's solution partners in this market have initiated Java development programs. One, Ovid Technologies, has already demonstated a working Javastation client implementation. Sun's comprehensive list of third party solution vendors includes:
Java Computing In LibrariesDuring the 1990's pressures from campus administration to control costs of instruction and materials acquisition have forced academic units such as campus computing and libraries to solve the rising cost of managing information. Significant internal pressures to reduce the per student cost of education and provide for alternative means for education and instruction gave rise to ``distance learning.'' External pressures of reduced government funding for education technologies and the realization that resources within libraries are under-utilized or not otherwise available at a particular location requires a solution for information management within the global educational community. Therefore, academic institutions need technologies for internal and external information management. The explosive popularity of the Internet and its vast arsenal of information sources has prompted academic institutions to review how they are 'doing business'. Investments in automation must provide an infrastructure that permits incremental growth and use of shared resources. IT directors and library administrators realize that products they need to procure must have;
The evolution of library automation accurately portrays the gap between user requirements and available technology. Libraries need to reduce the costs of operations and increase services to end users. Turnkey products to date have not provided the complete solution. Use of Java technologies can help eliminate the gap between user expectations and library operation requirements. Java and Client-Server Computing The Fat Client-Server Model The advent of the Unix workstation and the personal computer (PC) enabled the development of a new model of computing, the 'client-server' or 'distributed' computing model. These terms originally referred to a two tier model (shown below) where the client interface, as well as the majority of applications and processing, resided at the client level (on the user desktop) with data residing on database server machines. The second tier servers can serve numerous purposes (e.g. file serving, data feeds, etc.). In general, the term 'fat client', refers to the fact that each networked device has a local state, a local general purpose operating system, local integrity and a local disk drive containing applications and/or data. As a general purpose device, the fat client is built with a great deal of flexibility both in terms of hardware, with the expansion bus, and software with a full, multi-megabyte operating system. In many ways, the client-server model is an IT manager's panacea, offering, among other things:
While these benefits have facilitated major changes and improvements in the library and campus computing, there are three major drawbacks which are now impacting negatively on IT management: ·high installation and growing cost of desktop management ·proliferation of expensive to run 'fat clients' - networked PCs whose primary purpose is running 'thin' applications (e.g. word processing, data entry, OPAC, circulation) ·rigid application architectures that limit the utility of the computer and limit the ability to add end user value Java and the Thin Client-Server Model Assured of the benefits of network computing for more than ten years, Sun Microsystems set out to develop a low cost, low administration network access device which coupled the centralized maintenance and administration benefits of the mainframe with the flexibility of client-server. In doing so, Sun has developed a network webtop called the Javastation. Enabled by Sun's Java software, the Javastation is a stateless desktop device; everything that constitutes 'state': operating system, applications, data, integrity, etc. has been relocated from the client (where it resides in the fat client world) to the server. Moving state to central server machines and deploying stateless Javastations in the library public service areas offers the benefits of centralized computing, such as:
Moreover, while the network computer is 'thin' in terms of desktop management cost, it is very rich in functionality, leveraging the benefits of web-based computing. With the Java webtop model, applications and data reside on the hard disks of servers. The Javastation is accessed and manipulated via a web browser which is embedded in the network computer. When the machine is turned on, the operating system is automatically downloaded to the web browser. To access an 'applet' users point and click on the appropriate title on the browser. This downloads the latest version of the applet (a spreadsheet, for example) from the web server to the client desktop where the user can monitor and manipulate data. In addition, for more compute-intensive uses, software can be configured to take advantage of servers for handling, realtime word processing, etc. A prerequisite for Java Computing is the deployment of an enterprise intranet infrastructure. The term 'intranet' refers to the application of Internet technologies on internal campus networks. The basic infrastructure for an intranet consists of an internal TCP/IP network connecting servers and desktops, which may or may not be connected to the Internet through a firewall. The intranet provides services to webtops via standard open Internet protocols. The High Cost of Inefficient Fat Client Deployment As described earlier, both the networked Unix workstation and PC have played important roles in client-server computing. The Unix workstation, due to its high level of power and robustness has dominated compute-intensive applications. The networked PC, because of its supposed low cost, has been widely deployed in lower value added roles, such as IBM 3270 emulators, word processors, etc. However, the low cost of the networked PC is, as it turns out, only an illusion. A 1995 Gartner Group study, corroborated with similar results from other research companies, calculates the cost of maintaining a networked PC in a large business environment to be over $8,000 per year. Moreover, during a five year period, software product updating alone typically accounts for 55% of a PC system's total cost whereas the initial purchase and support account for only 45%. What is shocking is not only the high overhead of networked PC's, but the fact that they are being deployed where functionality demands are relatively low, e.g. data entry, word processing, and basic OPAC applications. In short, many of these fat client deployments make no economic sense from a system administration perspective when compared to the incremental benefit that they provide. Limitations of Fat Client Computing In today's fat client computing environment, users are given applications in which functionality is defined by software developers. In this application-centric computing model, the user is limited by the types (formats) of data the application can manipulate. If a library user has, for example, an accounting document formatted in a way not understood by the spreadsheet application, the user either has to convert all of the data (time consuming), re-enter the data (even more time consuming) or do without the source document. The same applies to the scores of software applications which do not integrate together. Moreover, even where integration is possible, integrating new data sources and tools can hinder the functioning of existing applications. Limitations to application integration are significant. The proliferation in the availability of new real time Internet documents combined with new ways of viewing text and data (such as visualization, 3D, real time models, video on demand, etc.) means that integration becomes even more crucial in answering user needs. Another limitation of fat client computing is that it is not inherently cross- platform. If a librarian uses a Unix workstation at work and a PC at home, the same applications may not be available on both. The time, cost, and opportunity cost involved in enabling multiple platforms are substantial. For organizations desiring to enable customers with computing functionality - such as intranet and Internet transactions - this platform issue is even more important. If a user is given software on a platform other than his own, he is likely to be frustrated and disappointed. Pleasing everyone by porting to every platform and distributing the correct format to everyone is not cost-effective to CIO's and librarians. Network Computers and Cost-of-Ownership In light of the high cost of deploying networked PC's, a significant benefit of the Unix server is that it enables the optimization of system maintenance and administration, decreasing the cost of desktop management. Loading programs once to the server obviates the expensive, error prone practice of installing files to and configuring each desktop as is the case in the fat client world. It also eliminates versioning problems; each time the Java webtop is turned on, it loads the most recent operating system, browser and application versions, accessible throughout the organization. For example, as new models are created and set up on internal web pages, the same version is automatically accessible and executable throughout the organization. This enables faster application development, giving IT professionals the opportunity to have better control and faster deployment of applications . The distributed model also promotes file sharing. Maintaining common server- based Java webtop applications accessed via the Internet, for example, obviates the dangerous practice of users overwriting existing files and writing virus laden files to the network. Both of these occurrences are commonplace today in the networked PC world. These benefits, coupled with the Javastations low initial purchase price, drop the cost-of-ownership dramatically. The Javastation vs. the X-Terminal A great deal of confusion has surfaced about the difference between network computers, such as the Javastation, and the X-Terminal. While both the Javastation and X-Terminal are thin client deployments which can only function if connected to servers, their methodologies have a critical difference. The X-Terminal, functioning very much in a IBM 3270 mainframe paradigm (i.e. as a dumb terminal), is attached via the network to host machines which contain all applications and perform the computing. Consequently, even such functions as mouse movements and screen updates cause data to be sent to the server for processing and returned to the desktop. With many X-Terminals running on a network, this can generate significant network load. The Javastation, on the other hand, enables a distribution of processing tasks between the client and server. This allows, for example, the implementation of a three tier computing paradigm where the data, applications and user interface are divided into three discrete parts. The Javastation enables this division of computing labor, or partitioning, through its powerful local CPU and up to 64MB of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) chips that contain immediately usable information. An example of this distribution model is used in the Java- based Applix Anyware network spreadsheet product. In Applix Anyware, the partitioning is done in such a way that all client interface processing (such as data input and character display) is done locally while all calculations, realtime updates, etc. are performed by host machines. As only the actual calculation results are transmitted over the networks, this model tends to use markedly less bandwidth than an X-Terminal. In a less compute-intensive application, more of the computing can be partitioned to the Javastation, reducing network traffic. Moreover, local client interface functionality (such as video display, GUI and mouse movement) is managed at the local level. In short, a key difference between X-Terminals and Javastations is that while both workstations are 'thin' in terms of desktop management, Javastations are more economical in terms of network bandwidth while delivering greater functionality and offering desktop intelligence. Java Technical Considerations and Benefits The computer world currently has many platforms: Unix, Macintosh, Windows, et al. In this multi- platform world, software must be compiled separately to run on each platform. Moreover, the files which run on one platform are machine-specific and do not run on other platforms. What makes Java so unique is that it can reside on virtually any platform and, rather than compiling code to a specific operating system (such as Windows), it compiles machine instructions specific to the Java virtual machine (a core part of the Java platform) which can sit atop other platforms. In short, Java functionality can be run on any platform on which the Java core software is present. The uniqueness and power of the Java paradigm translate into important benefits to end users and support personnel, as described below.
The Java language is a small, easy-to-learn programing language. Once code is written, it can be run on any number of IT platforms, including, but not limited to Sun's version of Unix, Solaris (TM) operating environment, all forms of Windows (NT, 95, 3.x, etc.) and Macintosh. Rather than developing software applications to deliver on multiple platforms, developers can focus solely on the Java platform to deliver ubiquitous, cost-effective programing solutions. This reliable, 'write once, run anywhere' approach should provide sufficient incentive for many developers to turn to Java as an alternative to C or C++ even for stand alone, non- networked applications. In addition, since Java has become widely adopted by software tools vendors, many of the best traditional development and middleware tools are already available as are an assortment of new tools from new vendors. Building applications of shared, server- based, reusable objects can further reduce development time and costs by allowing developers to concentrate on creating only what is new. To ensure that Java could be used as a standard software platform for new software applications, Sun extended Java to connect to databases (through the JDBC Java relational database API) to CORBA- based object servers (through a Java/IDL API), and to other object servers. The JavaBeans API integrates Java, OpenDoc, and Live Connect objects into a new cross- platform framework. In addition, many of Sun's Java partners have developed useful connectivity tools such as OpenConnect Systems' Web Connect 3270 emulator written in Java. Whether one needs to integrate Java applications with databases, legacy environments or object application code, there are many solutions to choose from to create a completely integrated environment. Moreover, the just-in-time software distribution model allows distribution to occur via the network, eliminating distribution costs and shelf space problems. As a result, Java helps speed value delivery to users both inside and outside of the organization. The Java 'write once, run anywhere' approach enables a paradigm where users can access information from any platform via the browser. What this means is that the browser becomes the glue for accessing disparate information such as patron information, educational data, and administrative analyses from home or on the road via the campus intranet. Furthermore, object technology combined with componentware fosters an environment where the formerly rigid, predefined application architecture becomes highly alterable by the user. The user can, via the browser, integrate real time functionality with various desktop applications. Because each object is 'self-describing' (or labeled with the data's identity), current information integration barriers (where applications cannot read data from other applications) are eliminated. An additional benefit of Java is security. The Java API set contains four layers of security features to prevent security breaches and costly, disruptive virus distribution: 1. The language does not contain "pointers" which, in other other languages (e.g. C and C++) direct memory operations and can cause memory corruption resulting in application failure. 2. The built-in byte code verifier checks the correctness of the Java programming code and detects any corruption which may have taken place (such as by hackers) since the code was originally written. 3. The security manager checks classes of code as they are loaded and alerts users as to the existence of security violations. 4. The API set contains user implementable cryptography features which can be used to augment the security in client-server connections. Summary of Java Computing Benefits The Java virtual machine allows deployment on most computer platforms, paving over heterogeneous IT infrastructure problems with an easy-to-learn development programing language and user-friendly interfaces for faster application development and deployment. The graphical user interface fosters ease-of-use, both internally and externally. Centralized application deployment eliminates software versioning problems. Inherent security features help avert costly memory management errors. The language's openess encourages optimized application development, lower IT costs, and improved software choices and value. Additionally, Java's browser centricity encourages organization-wide information integration and its modularity enables programmers to leverage previously written code, thereby enhancing the usability of proprietary applications. A summary of Java benefits for libraries and campus computing centers follows: * Reduced acquisition cost of desktop hardware/software systems * Reduced complexity at the desktop * All OS and application software stored only on servers * All software upgrades done at the server * System administration all done at the server * All data files reside on servers * Less on-site support infrastructure required * Less user self-maintenance required * Desktop failures can be corrected immediately with a system swap * Lower costs associated with supporting fewer platforms * Lower application development cost * Lower application support & infrastructure cost * Faster application deployment * Reduced complexity and cost of network security Digital LibrariesThe term "Digital Library" is still very much an ambiguous term in the library community. There is much debate about what comprises a digital library. Kenneth E. Dowlin, Former Director of the San Francisco Public Library, describes the future digital library very broadly as `` an electronic network that connects the library internally and externally through electronic technology.'' In its most basic form a digital library should encompass two functions: 1. Provide digital content to virtual, geographically dispersed users 2. Pull in digital information electronically from outside sources irrespective of location The key technology underpinning of any digital library has become the Internet. While in an embryonic stage, digital library projects have attained significant accomplishments in selected technology areas. Digital library initiatives are international in scope with participation and funding from government, private, industrial, and foundation sources. These initiatives are diverse and focus on specific materials processing, storage, and connectivity issues. Projects range from digitizing text collections to speech recognition, natural language processing, and multimedia compression, storage, and transmission. The worldwide library community consists of 300,000 institutions. Approximately 10% of these are universities and higher education institutions. Within this subset is a group of about 120 U.S. Academic Research Libraries (ARLs) and a like number of leading foreign universities and government libraries. These libraries - often working together, with companies, or under governmental programs - set the longterm technology directions for the worldwide library community. This group is heavily engaged in the definition and development of digital libraries. The U.S. National Science Foundation has funded six digital library projects at Stanford University, UC Berkeley, UC Santa Barbara, University of Michigan., University of Illinois, and Carnegie Mellon University. The NSF has specific mission statements, goals, and technology guidelines that advance the collective efforts of digital libraries into the 21st Century. Project scope statements include multitype library cooperation, multimedia handling, and cooperative resource sharing through networking technologies. With digital libraries in their infancy, these digitization efforts are building the digital resources and information warehouses for tomorrow (http://dli.grainger.uiuc.edu/national.htm). The NSF funding and research efforts target three research areas:
Two themes are generally present in digital library strategic goals. They are: 1) creating a collaborative institution and 2) shifting the institution's existing goals and objectives for operation and service to a realtime state. This evolution enhances the institution's principles for service, access and resource management. Based on these two concepts, the NSF and technology partners are nurturing key technologies that will provide the glue to support global user communities, common access to resources, and stateless ownership of information. The library is the logical institution that can both strengthen communities and be a mechanism for connectivity. Library computer infrastructures that are already in place to catalog information resources may be in the best position of any public institution to interconnect electronic services. It is critical that this interconnectivity provide universal access and realtime delivery systems. This interconnection of computerized library resources ultimately internationalizes information. The library has a unique ability to 1) achieve electronic access from the home, school, or office via the library network, 2) provide the navigation tools that can locate other communities' electronic resources and 3) link such resource sharing to ensure individual access. The library is the logical pioneer for the development and dissemination of new information formats including multimedia materials. Libraries will provide the most common access models for new technologies and their use. Public Access Catalogs, (OPACs) are well positioned to become the norm for interfacing with on-line search systems and the digital information highway. Digital library projects are clearly funded from sources beyond the internal operating budget of the research institution. Government grants and matching programs have assisted libraries with collection development, national cataloging systems, e.g. OCLC, and will contribute to Internet infrastructure for education. Special grants, foundations and locally allocated funds will need to be incorporated into university plans to accommodate this technology trend. Academic and other libraries will pool funds in order to qualify for government programs that support technology procurement and resource sharing. Large government programs will precede individual funding at the institution level, except for those institutions that have access to foundation and beneficiary bequests. Realistic digital library initiatives will differ from the large scale research projects that currently enjoy funding from government and commercial partnerships. Many smaller projects are currently digitizing text and data resources for Internet sharing. The transition of publishing from hardcopy documents to electronic files is creating opportunities for better content and context management. It is also offering content owners and distributors - whether academic instituitons, museums, or publishers - the capability to develop new value added services and package new information products. Further research will be needed as vast amounts of web-based information become available. Java is becoming a core technological component of most web-oriented initiatives. Java Computing will help allow demonstration sites to validate the technologies necessary for digital highways. Sun Technology in Digital Libraries The significant national and international projects listed below represent Sun's involvement in both Digital Library research and Java technology deployment. In addition to these academic projects, Sun is actively participating with leading library software solution providers that are incorporating Java and Sun technologies into their commercial products. UC Berkeley's Digital Library SunSite: http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/ The University of California at Berkeley is one of the premier SunSites in the world. The SunSite (tm) program (http://www.sun.com/sunsite) is designed to foster development and research of new Internet tools, help launch new Internet-enabled applications, and provide global access to free software and development tools. The UC Berkeley Library has built on the basic SunSite concept and has developed one of the leading prototypes of tomorrow's digital library using Sun server products. The focus of UCB's project is to build digital collections and develop services and expertise useful to other campuses doing the same type of Internet-oriented library work. The comprehensiveness of this project makes it quite unique. UCB is addressing most of the issues that other digital libraries will also face. These include:
Carnegie Mellon's Informedia Project: http://www.informedia.cs.cmu.edu/ The Informedia(tm) Digital Video Library, a NSF Project, provides concrete evidence of how strategic goals and partnerships crystallize a digital library project. This overview also illustrates the leading edge technologies that are employed to meet project objectives. This project is incorporating Java technology in its research efforts. The Informedia library project is a large, on-line digital video library. Intelligent, automatic mechanisms are used to populate the library. This allows for full-content and knowledge-based search and retrieval via a network compliant computer. The partners in this project are WQED/Pittsburgh, Fairfax County, VA Public Schools, and the Open University (United Kingdom)], The Carnegie Mellon University, and local K-12 (primary) schools. Informedia's technical approach defines several factors that make this project unique. First, the technical approach integrates image, speech and language understanding to operate the same data stream. This approach provides for new research opportunities across disciplines. Secondly, the integration provides for text as well as multimedia management. In short, text, sound, graphics, and video can be searched simultaneously. The basic concepts of this program include automated speech recognition, image understanding, natural language processing, human computer interaction, distributed data systems, networking, security, and economics of access. Multi-disciplinary teams apply technologies to problems associated with video information systems to permit rapid population of the library and agent assisted retrieval from the information sources of WQED, a public broadcasting corporation. Informedia systems integrate data and processes from several independent research efforts and allow modifications for incorporating emerging standards in media compression and storage. Objectives include: 1. Populate the library: source film, digitization and compression, transcript generation, video scene segmentation, and linguistic indexing. 2. Develop an interactive user station: search and retrieval, media delivery, viewer interface, reuse tools, and performance monitoring. 3. Protect data rights in the intellectual property: network billing and access control, security and privacy. 4. Design and implement a data and network architecture: distributed data hierarchy, networking on commercial data services. The Informedia effort describes how a digital library project is formulated, funded, and the importance of commercial and private partnerships. The following categories summarize its scope and requirements: - Develop powerful indexing through automated transcription - Develop intelligent searching through natural language - Engineer an effective interface for the integration of speech recognition, natural language, image, and text - Establish an accounting and economics package for commercialization University of Michigan Digital Library Project (UMDL): http://sils.umich.edu/UMDL/Homepage.html "Java enriches the content of libraries by recognizing new document types through digital infrastructures, Objects and linkages, unknown to printed documents and publishing." -- Dr. Daniel Atkins, The University of Michigan Digital Library is one of the world's leading efforts in the areas of intelligent agents, information searching, and user interfaces; all essential components of the future digital library. One of the goals of the project is to offer the virtual library user a structured means for locating and obtaining constantly changing digital information. The UMDL project is partially funded through the NSF and NASA. Dean Daniel Atkins describes Java's implementation at the University of Michigan where the library and several research facilities have developed extensive ``middleware'' for common network compliant clients. These facilities are using client-server hardware and software structures to support Java network devices. Applets are transmitted on demand to a Javastation from a server based on application processing requirements. Efforts to dynamically digitize documents for network data collection and computing rely on investments in server technology and low cost clients. Java solutions and devices permit reduced costs for systems administration, software support, and networking. University of California at Berkeley Digital Library Project: http://elib.cs.berkeley.edu/ ''Java provides multiple user interfaces permitting customization and localization for the professional and novice to interact as they want.'' -- Dr. Hal Varian, This NSF funded project will produce a unique digital library with a focus on environmental information. The library will collect diverse information about the environment to be used for the preparation and evaluation of environmental impact reports. The research prototype is intended for eventual full-scale deployment in the State of California's CERES production systems. To create the prototype, researchers are producing technologies which allow untrained users to contribute to and find relevant information in other worldwide digital library systems. Research areas include 1) automated indexing, 2) intelligent retrieval and search processes, 3) database technology to support digital library applications, 4) new approaches to document analysis, data compression and communication tools that permit remote browsing. This project does use Sun systems, along with hardware from a number of the major computer vendors. The use of Java to link different types of souce documents and deliver these documents across a very heterogeneous computer enviroment makes this project one of the most exciting utliizations of Java technology for the library. Tokyo University's Digital Musem: http://www.um.u-tokyo.ac.jp The University of Tokyo is using the latest in server, multimedia database, and networking products from Sun and Panasonic to create one of the world's first and largest digital museums. The museum houses over six million physical items used in scientific research at the university. Each item is being digitized and will be stored on a multimedia database using Informix's Illustra software. To date, two million items have been digitized. By 2002, the entire collection will be available digitally. Items are being put into various data formats by employing lasers and sensors. But data available to users will go beyond standard 3D images and may include information on the characteristics, use, or history of a particular item in addition to audio capabilities. Additionally, items can be linked together by subject parameters. Researchers who have been unable to physically visit the museum can now access its content over the Internet. The museum is processing over 60,000 user transactions each month. To manage this level of network activity, an ATM backbone has been connected to Tokyo University's main network backbone using state-of-the-art router products. This is a very large project. It points out the need for different technology partnerships and substantial resource commitments in order to achieve success. But it also elucidtes the advantages of unlocking valuable collections and making them accessible to virtual researchers via the Internet. Stanford University's HighWire Press: http://www.highwire.org While it cannot be considered a comprehensive digital library project per se, Stanford University Libraries' HighWire Press is an aggressive and forward-looking effort to put scholarly information on the Internet; foregoing traditional print publishing activities. For digital libraries to be truly successful, new economic and technical models must be put in place for web publishing. Content is king and without access to quality content no digital library can be successful. HighWire Press is partnering with scholarly societies and university presses to directly publish educational and research journals on the Internet, bypassing publishing middlemen and channels. HighWire Press is using the web to provide university originated research back to the university and scholarly communities involved in these areas of study. HighWire Press is employing Java technology extensively in its research efforts. The cross-platform delivery ability of Java and its capability of building value added features into documents make it a key component of HighWire Press' strategy. HighWire Press' mission is described as follows: "1. Foster research and instruction by providing a more direct linkage between the writers and readers of scholarly materials. 2. Use innovative network tools for capture, publishing, retrieval, reading, and presentation. 3. Affect the economics of provision of scholarly information to researchers, especially science, technology, and medical (STM) research information. 4. Ensure that the nascent marketplace for electronic communication among scholars does not develop along the semi-monopolistic lines of current STM publishing. 5. Build new technological, economic and programmatic partnerships with others investigating related problems." Libraries are expanding their mission statements to include global participation on the Internet highway. This entails both connectivity to digital libraries and access to government funding and content resources. In many countries, the national, public, and digital library projects are being increasingly integrated into Ministry of Education infrastructure development plans. Today's library end user wants easy-to-use, uncomplicated access to data resources. There are no systems, materials, or building restrictions to virtual library collections by end users. With Sun systems and Java technologies, digital libraries and virtual collections can provide a multi-dimensional approach to information unlike any past conventional model. Materials will no longer be acquired, cataloged or distributed via traditional library conventions. Users will have boundless resources to exploit and librarians will now have new functions and capabilities to add to their existing duties at the physical library. Digital libraries will not evolve as replacements to the existing library, but will become partners providing new content, access capabilities, and digital technologies to the library community. Just as it is forcing rennovations in business IT structures, the Internet is changing the role, acquisition, and use of technology in libraries. Libraries and campus computing centers require cost-effective migration plans to build an intranet and connect to the Internet. An increased focus on longterm IT infrastructure development is now mandatory for corporate, academic, and public libraries. Libraries also need to redefine the usage of outmoded desktop technology and optimize applications for the new Internet computing model. The technical strength and network experience of a commercial partner like Sun is a prerequisite for libraries to move into the next information management era. The potential of Java Computing is being validated through Sun library sites that demonstrate the global scope and flexibility of this new Internet-based, user-centric information delivery model. Libraries that are building connected computing and communications infrastructures will benefit from the savings and hardware independence of open computing technology. Sun has long ago coined the term "The Network is the Computer." In coming years the network will increasingly become the library. Betz, Mark. "Interoperable Objects", Dr. Dobb's Journal (October, 1994), pp. 18 34. "Networking Object with CORBA", Dr. Dobb's Journal (November, 1995), pp.18 26. Beard, Kate. Digital spatial libraries: a context for engineering and library collaboration. Information and Libraries. June 1995 v14 n2 p79(7) Collier Kuhlthau, Carol. The virtual school library: gateway to the information superhighway. Englewwod Colo. : Libraries Unlimited, 1996. Descrip xiii, 161 p.; 24 cm. December, John. PresentingJava. Indianapolis, IN: Macmillan ComputerPublishing, 1995. Dixon, Rand. Client-server and Open Systems. Toronto, Canada: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1996. Dowlin, Kenneth E. Beyond Bibliography: Creating the Rosetta Stone for the Twenty-First Century. Library of Congress Network Advisory Committee Meeting . The Centrality of Communities to the Future of Major Public Libraries. Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . ''Books Bricks and Bytes'' Fall 1996, Vol. 125, no. 4. Jacobson, Robert L. Researchers temper their ambitions for digital libraries, The Chronicle of Higher Education, (November 24, 1995 v42 n13 pA19(1). "Harnessing the Power of Intranets" (Sun Microsystems Inc. White Paper, Mountain View, CA), 1996. GartnerGroup, Management Strategies to Control the Rapidly Escalating Costs of Distributed Computing, (Stamford, CT: GartnerGroup, 1995). Guteri, Fred, http://wwww.his holiness/his books. , Discover (January 1996 v17 nl p74> "Java Computing in the Enterprise" (Sun Microsystems, Inc. White Paper, Mountain View. CA). 1996. Kramer, Douglas, et al. "The Java Platforrn" (JavaSoft White Paper, Mountain View, CA), 1996. LaGuardia, Cheryl. Virtual dreams give way to digital reality . (libraries and technology) Library Journal. (October 1, 1995 v120 n16 p42(3). Lipkin, Richard. The Library that isn't there digital libraries transform books, photos, and videos into bits and bytes. Science News. June 3, 1995 v147 n22 p344(2). Mihram, Danielle and Mihram, G. Arthur. On the Covergence of Technologies in Communications, Library Hi Tech News no. 12 (May 1995): 6-8, 18. Orfali, Robert, et al. The Essential Distributed Objects Survival Guide. New York, NY: Wiley, 1996. Pfaffenberger, Bryan. Oue's Computer & Internet Dictionary 6th Edition. Indianapolis, IN: Que Corporation, 1995. Spectra, Logic certifies ADIC Scalar DLT Libraries, PC Week (January 22, 19996 V13 n3 p45(1). Agent In UMDL, agents are the basic software modules that perform library services and provide content. We call them "agents" to emphasize that these modules act autonomously, negotiate among themselves, and are responsible for their own resources. ANSI The American National Standards Institute - a body that has
established voluntary industry standards for business equipment manufacturers. The
institute has accepted many programming languages as ANSI standards, which can be taken as
evidence that they are well established and generally sound. ANSI standard languages ARPA "The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is the central research and development organization for the Department of Defense (DoD). It manages and directs selected basic and applied research and development projects for DoD, and pursues research and technology where risk and payoff are both very high and where success may provide dramatic advances for traditional military roles and missions and dual-use applications." URL: http://www.arpa.mil/ Authority File A record of the correct headings to be used for names, subjects, or series. Its purpose is to provide consistency. Bar-coded Labels Machine-readable identification symbols printed on paper strips for attachment to library materials and patron identification cards. Bar-code symbols represent binary numbers by using height, width, distance between vertical bars, or relationship among bars to express characters. Codabar labels developed by Pitney Bowes and marketed by Monarch are the most widely used in library applications. Benchmark Test A test used in the measurement of computer equipment performance under typical conditions of use, such as a computer program run on several different computers for the purpose of comparing execution speed, throughput, and so on. Closed (proprietary) System A system composed of hardware and software that is specific to one company, which is responsible for additions or mprovements to the system. CNRI "The Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI) is a non-profit organization dedicated to formulating, planning, and carrying out national-level research initiatives on the use of network-based information technology. CNRI is concentrating on research and development for the National Information Infrastructure, working collaboratively with industry, academia, and government." URL: http://www.cnri.reston.va.us/ Database Server Software and hardware that operate as the designed "hub" of a local area network. This hub stores the network's shared database files. In addition to managing the distribution and retrieval of files among users or applications, a database server offers additional manipulation and protection capabilities. Data Integrity The accuracy, consistency, and completeness of data that are maintained by the computer system. Digital Library Federation "The Federation is comprised of leaders of fifteen of the nation's largest research libraries and archives and the Commission on Preservation and Access. "A primary goal of the Federation is the implementation of a distributed, open digital library accessible across the global Internet. The library will consist of collections expanding over time in number and scope to be created from the conversion to digital form of documents contained in founding member and other libraries and archives, and from the incorporation of holdings already in electronic form." URL: http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/cpa/newsletter/cpanl80.html European Digital Library Consortium (ERCIM) "the European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics aims to foster collaborative work within the European research community and to increase co-operation with European industry. Leading research establishments from fourteen European countries are members of ERCIM." URL: http://www-ercim.inria.fr/ Information Visualization - Advanced graphical information
display. Reference URL: http://http2.sils.umich.edu/~furnas/InfoVis.ILS888.95/Course.Refs.html IPL Internet Public Library URL: http://www.ipl.org ISBN: International Standard Book Number A distinctive and unique number assigned to a book by the publisher. Eventually the system will cover all the publishers in the world and will thus improve the exchange of information about books for all segments of the book trade. ISSN: International Standard Serial Number - a distinctive and unique number assigned by the publisher to a serial. Jobber A wholesaler who stocks or supplies the books of many publishers for resale to bookstores and libraries. Joint Digitial Libraries Initiative "The Joint Digital Libraries Initiative (DLI) is a four-year research effort exploring the technical requirements for future digital libraries. The Joint DLI is sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF), Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), and NASA. The Joint DLI is a project of the federal Internet Infrastructure Technology and Applications Working Group of the High Performance Computing and Communications Initiative (HPCC). Digital libraries add value and content to the communication, computation, and infrastructure of the Internet and are viewable among data sources on the Internet." URL: http://techinfo.jpl.nasa.gov/JPLTRS/SISN/ISSUE37/Library.htm JSTOR Journal Storage Project, "Established in August 1995, JSTOR is an independent not-for-profit organization created with the assistance of The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation to help the scholarly community take advantage of advances in information technology. " URL:http://index.umdl.umich.edu/jstor/ Making of America "The Making of America (MOA) Project is a multi-institutional initiative to create and make accessible over the Internet a distributed digital library of important materials on the history of the United States. The Cornell University and the University of Michigan libraries are cooperating in the initial phase of MOA, which is being funded by The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and the Charles E. Culpeper Foundation. " URL: http://moa.cit.cornell.edu/MOA/moa-main_page.html MARC A program of the Library of Congress (LC) in which machine-readable cataloging in distributed in LC format. Metadata Data about data. Includes information about the context of data, the content of data, and the control of or over data. NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration URL: http://www.nasa.gov/ NetBill The NetBill project at CMU's Information Networking Institute is designing the protocols and software to support network-based payment for goods and services delivered over the Internet. NetBill acts as a third party to provide authentication, account management, transaction processing, billing, and reporting services for network-based clients and users. Reference URL: http://www.ini.cmu.edu/netbill/ Network A number of communication lines connecting a computer with remote terminals or with other computers. NII National Information Infrastructure NRC "The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of further knowledge and advising the federal government." URL: http://www.nas.edu/nrc/ NSF The National Science Foundation is an independent U.S. Government agency established in 1950, with a mission "To promote the progress of science; to advance the national health, prosperity, and welfare; and to secure the national defense." URL:http://www.nsf.gov/ Ontology An explicit formal specification of how to represent the objects, concepts and other entities that are assumed to exist in some area of interest and the relationships that hold among them. (FOLDC) Reference URL: http://www-ksl.stanford.edu/kst/what-is-an-ontology.html Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) A networking interface model that was developed by the International Standards Organization at that allows disparate computer systems to communicate. OpenText Open Text Corporation is a leading provider of applications, tools and services that enable organizations to use intranets as new platforms for collaborative, distributed computing headquartered in Waterloo, near Toronto, Canada. The company was founded in 1991. Its U.S. operations are headquartered in Bannockburn, Illinois and its European operations in St. Gallen, Switzerland. URL: http://www.opentext.com/ SGML Standard Generalized Markup Language. Reference URL: SGML/HTML Resource Centre http://www.geocities.com/Athens/2694/sgml.html Testbed A platform upon which an assortment of experimental tools and products may be deployed and allowed to interact in real-time. In the ensuing fermentation, successful tools and products may be identified and/or amended in an iterative, evolutionary, interdependent process. Thesaurus A controlled vocabulary within a circumscribed subject field used to organize material or information. Consists of a syndetic structure that attempts to perform for the field in question the same function that conventional subject heading lists serve for the whole body of recorded knowledge. Plural: Thesauri. TULIP The University Licensing Project. TULIP is "an initiative of Elsevier Science Publishers to explore the issues involved in electronic distribution of scholarly journals. The TULIP project involves nine universities and about sixty Materials Science journal titles." URL: http://tulipsrvr.engin.umich.edu/tulip/ UMDL The University of Michigan Digital Library Project. URL: http://www.si.umich.edu/UMDL/ Vision 2010 "The School of Information and Library Studies (SILS) joins the Commission on Preservation and Access in a partnership to study the implication of technological developments for higher education and scholarly communication in the next 20 years. The 18-month study, "Vision 2010," is funded in part by a $180,000 grant the Commission received from the Carnegie Corporation. "Vision 2010" began in May 1994 and involves individuals from a broad range of activities and professional experience, including the teaching, research administration, scholarly communication, publishing, librarianship and information technology fields." URL: http://www2.sils.umich.edu/hp/pr/vision2010.html WAIS Wide Area Information Servers (WAIS) A distributed information retrieval system. WWW "The World Wide Web (WWW) is the universe of network-accessible information, an embodiment of human knowledge. It is an initiative started at CERN, now with many participants. It has a body of software, and a set of protocols and conventions. WWW uses hypertext and multimedia techniques to make the web easy for anyone to roam, browse, and contribute to." URL: http://www.w3.org/hypertext/WWW/WWW/ Z39.50 The American National Standard Information Retrieval Application Service Definition and Protocol Specification for Open Systems Interconnection. The National Information Standards Organization (NISO), an American National Standards Institute (ANSI) accredited standards developer that serves the library, information, and publishing communities, approved the original standard in 1988 (referred to as Z39.50-1988 or Version 1). NISO published a revised version of the standard in 1992 (referred to as Z39.50-1992 or Version 2). ANSI/NISO Z39.50 defines a standard way for two computers to communicate for the purpose of information retrieval. Z39.50 makes it easier to use large information databases by standardizing the procedures and features for searching and retrieving information. Specifically, Z39.50 supports information retrieval in a distributed, client and server environment where a computer operating as a client submits a search request (i.e., a query) to another computer acting as an information server. Software on the server performs a search on one or more databases and creates a result set of records that meet the criteria of the search request. The server returns records from the result set to the client for processing. The power of Z39.50 is that it separates the user interface on the client side from the information servers, search engines, and databases. Z39.50 provides a consistent view of information from a wide variety of sources, and it offers client implementors the capability to integrate information from a range of databases and servers. Reference URL: http://www.cni.org/pub/NISO/docs/Z39.50-1992/50.brochure.txt ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
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